1.2.3 Examples of presupposition triggers Presuppositions are contributed by lexical items, so-called presupposition triggers. Arguably, this is where we need to seek a (partially) pragmatic explanation for this difference, one that will permit us to predict under what contextual conditions projection arises in the less robust types of examples. It also occurs in the second example. speech, this paper intends to analy ze the presupposition triggers at both lexical . Entailment and presupposition are two pragmatic elements that help us in this. predicates. For example, she classifies the achievement verb win, in (58a), as a soft trigger, since the presupposition that John participated in the race is contextually defeasible, whereas the cleft construction in (58b) is considered a hard trigger because it cannot be cancelled by the speaker by explicitly expressing ignorance. Presuppositions differ from other inference types in that they generally project out of opera-tors like questions and negation, meaning that they remain valid inferences even when embedded un-

9.1 Presupposition triggers. presupposition is the most types of presupposition used in TIME Magazine.

needs and achieve advertising goals. The set of examples that are being explained with Maximize Presupposition are given in (1) to (5) The presupposition of (5a) is that right before January 1, John smoked. (>> it is over) When the speaker utters that she didn't realize he was ill, it can presuppose that he was ill. J. Presupposition triggers: lexical items and linguistic constructions that engender presupposition Potential presuppositions: The use of large number of words, phrases and structures to express a speakers´ assumption; can only become actual presupposition in context with speakers (examples: existential presupposition, factive presupposition)1 Presupposition cancellation under negation, at least when reinforced by explicit denial of the content of the presupposition, is not particularly sensitive to the iden tity of the presupposition trigger: the content of any presupposition can be denied this way. This word triggers the presupposition that, roughly, something parallel to what is stated has happened. Lexical Presupposition In most cases, if a positive declarative sentence like (12a) triggers a certain presupposition, that presupposition will also be triggered by a "family" of related sentences (sentences based on the same propositional content) which includes negative assertions, questions, if-clauses and certain modalities. This sentence could not be felicitously uttered in a context in which it was a matter of dispute whether Bob was a USC fan.

The angle sign marks the pragmatic presupposition. For both (1a) and (1b), the presupposition is present that Tom has a sister. (12b) and (13b) are the sentences with presuppositional anaphora. Table 1. In the examples below, I will use a variety of presupposition triggers, in particular definite descriptions (to which I here give a classical, Fregean, analysis) and too. What is presupposition and its types? 1 In this paper I will investigate to what extent, if at all, adpositions are involved in creating presupositions. presupposition-triggers."( 陳新仁,1998) Presupposition-triggers are certain words or sentences which can presuppose presuppositions.


The identification is based on the presupposition triggers 16/01/2019 and classification based on six type of presupposition. (5)a.John's daughter will come. Presupposition triggers play a vital role in verbal communication. The common presupposition- trigger in the above example is Bin laden's proposition 'This does not mean declaring war against the west and western people - but against the American regime which is against every American'. Presupposition, broadly conceived, is a type of inference associated with utterances of natural-language sentences. For example, the presupposition of the possessive construction is easy to accommodate, while those of additive particles and pronouns like he are not . Presupposition triggers differ with respect to the ease with which their presupposition can be accommodated, i.e., how felicitous the utterance is when the presupposition is new to the addressee. We've already seen that there are various different kinds of expressions that convey presuppositional meaning. In English, the words the, stop, and again, among others, act as presupposition triggers. For example,a)It was the noise that annoyed me. Therefore, there are presupposition triggers consisting of words, phrases, and structures. Presupposition triggers In English, presuppositions are usually triggered by lexical items There are several tricks to find out whether a lexical item is a presupposition trigger or not These tests are: The negation test The conditional test The question test This word triggers the presupposition that, roughly, something parallel to what is stated has happened. b)What annoyed me was the noise. A presupposition of a part of an utterance is sometimes also a presupposition of the whole utterance, and sometimes not.

Classification of presupposition triggers Presupposition Triggers Classifications Examples Lexical Level It is a boy. the semantic entailment in (3) dissolves whereas the presupposition in (2) survives. "You just have to write down your best examples." You have a lot of examples! words, referred to as presupposition triggers. expressions are called presupposition triggers, and in the examples that follow, I will underline ones relevant to each example. assertive contents), in that they generally convey backgrounded, uncontroversial information with respect to the context of utterance. An example of that is the presupposition trigger too. one another in general by their triggers. between the presupposition of soft triggers and scalar implicatures. There are many different words and linguistic constructions, called presupposition triggers, that can be used to identify presuppositions. A presupposition is a condition which must be fulfilled in order for an expression to make sense A presupposition is introduced by a lexical element or construction called the presupposition trigger 6. Examples (12a) and (13a) are sentences with the predicates with an omissible argument. The inference of presupposition may not be necessarily based on the whole speech but on these presupposition-triggers, which can be definite descriptions, factive verbs,

Many verbs, for instance, often indicate the presence of one or more presuppositions.In the sentence "Jacob realized that his bicycle was broken," the verb "realized" is a trigger. For example, you had already shown the skills in a different context, and you had not yet thought about using it in another context. The Fregean example was that to give a truth value to the sentence.
My task in this presentation is to come clean and show why the items on Levinson's list should not have been lumped together.

The following example is an assertion that can be realized in v arious forms: • Change-of-state verbs: The ice melted. Footnote.

For example, if pronounced with emphasis on John, the following sentence triggers the presupposition that somebody other than John had dinner in New York last night. The first way is through presupposition triggers, and the second one is to think of them as ways of expressing shared or non controversial knowledge. In (2), for instance, the presupposition in (2g) is tied to the presence of again—the word again is the trigger for the presupposition in (2g . Adpositions are not among the best-known or most discussed presupposition triggers, and there does not seem to be much research specifically on adpositions and presupposition. Furthermore, this section will include examples of how these triggers work. The identification is based on the presupposition triggers 16/01/2019 and classification based on six type of presupposition. For example, if pronounced with emphasis on John, the following sentence triggers the presupposition that somebody other than John had dinner in New York last night. 3.1Presuppositions and presupposition triggers • The possessive phrases (a presupposition trigger) trigger an existential inference that "John has a daughter" (a presupposition). An example of that is the presupposition trigger too. The third chapter is going to examine the semantic theory of 'entailment' and its main ideas. If a sentence is negated, the presupposition nevertheless remains intact, e.g. These words signal the pres-ence of shared background knowledge. If there is a predicate with an omissible argument, which triggers a presupposition with the involvement of an argument, the presupposition becomes anaphoric if the argument is omitted.

01/12/2018 Specifically, it tries to identify and classify the Final Revision: presupposition used in conversation in Orwell's novella. . The key difference between entailment and presupposition is that entailment is the relationship between two sentences whereas presupposition is an assumption made by the speaker prior to making an utterance. Presupposition cancellation under negation, at least when reinforced by explicit denial of the content of the presupposition, is not particularly sensitive to the iden tity of the presupposition trigger: the content of any presupposition can be denied this way. E-mail: filippo.domaneschi@unige.it Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 2013 scription the cake triggers the presupposition that there is a cake (Russell,1905).

Based on Hilary Clinton's first campaign. The notion of presupposition and its triggers have been studied by many scholars, linguists and philosophers, but as far as the researcher knows, the investigation of presupposition triggers in journalistic texts has not been explored yet. "I don't know if I can practice all this at home." I have a house. • FacBve verbs: I regret [know, realize, etc.] 6 For example, (12a) presupposes .

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